@Fido,
Fido;151197 wrote: What is it that makes you believe predicates are not judgements???If you should have to say what is a firetruck, you would have to make a judgement, that the thing was that, and that the class excluded all other trucks... Every concept is a classification, and every class is made out of certain knowledge as to the characteristics of one as opposed to another...It is not rocket science.... If you can say why a dog is not a cat you must have certain knowledge, and your knowledge makes the concept...
Just think it about. I am not saying anything "weird" here. I am saying predicates are
parts of judgments. In language you need
both a subject and predicate to make a jugment at all. This should be obvious to anybody who speaks a language. What do you think an "incomplete sentence" is??? It's a set of words that haven't succeed in making a judgment because the string of words either lack a subject or a predicate. You can't even construct a complete sentence without
both a subject and a predicate!
Fido;151197 wrote: How can something be affirmed without some one, somewhere making judgement...
Of course not. I never said judgements are made without a speaker.
Fido;151197 wrote: Then iff are talking about the concept: Red, we are dealing with a narrow definition of a certain bandwidth of light... Without that, the concept would be up for grabs, as it was during our Civil War, when soldiers could not distinguish between orange and red... Since many people had never seen oranges, and had no word for orange, this was understandable...
I agree. So what's the problem?
Fido;151197 wrote:Words certainly are judgements,
You are just not thinking clearly about what I am saying. Judgments are made with words. But you need a speaker to put together a sentence to make a judgment at all. A word all by itself doesn't tell you anything. You have to apply that word to something first before you can make a judgment at all.
Fido;151197 wrote: and you may find that if you use the wrong word to describe an object that you are judged as well.. every time we use the word Red to describe a color, the concept is judged, and the person is judged...It is in the correct use of concepts that one is judged intelligent; for example.
Sure, I agree. But when I say "bachelors are umarried men" I am making a judgment about all
bachelors, I am not making a judgment about my
concepts. I am not saying the concept of a bachelor is an unmarried man; I am saying bachelors themselves are unmarried men.
Now, of course, defnitions are true in virtue of the meanings of the words independent of how the world is. For instance, "All bachelors are unmarried men" is true in virtue of the meanings of the words because we defined the words that way. And further, the judgment is necessarily true, and is never false because that's just what the definition of the word "bachelor" is, namely, an "unmarried man." But not all judgments are like that.
For instance, "The earth revolves around the sun" is not true in virtue of the meanings of the words. Now of course, the statement must have linguistic meaning to be able to say something at all. But word-definitions are not what makes that statment true like in the above example about bachelors. "The earth revolves around the sun" is true because of the way the world is. This is why our judgments about the world can be false, such as "The Denver Broncos won the Superbowl last season" is false. The statement is false not merely because of the word-meanings, but mainly because the Broncos did not, in fact, win the superbowl last season.
Fido;151197 wrote: It is our culture that teaches us that the earth revolves around the sun.. And it was the culture of the middle ages that taught what was obvious, that the Sun revolves around the earth... We still talk of Sun rise...Here is the problem: When cultures teach what they should know to be false out of a political consideration, then they do their society an injury...And our cultures do that, because it is also culturally accepted to resist change, because like the sunrise, it is obvious that social change is dangerous, and often deadly... This much is true, but change becomes dangerous and deadly because is is so well resisted even when badly needed..
I agree that cultures are like this.
I am just pointing out that the earth revolves around the sun whether or not people think it does. People are wrong if they think the sun revolves around the earth. So cultures can have false beliefs.