@relearning,
I perpetually come across philosophers I don't know... well, really philosophers I know about but choose to forget. LOL! But you would be surprised how many philosophers have fallen through the popularity crack, or have been kidnapped and adopted to serve other scientific doctrines. Economics took Adam Smith from us.
As to French philosophy, I'm sorry you don't care for Descartes. I admit, I hated him when I was studying
Meditations and
Principles. But I really got into him and other rationalists later on. I suppose it is the way they teach Descartes. I have never come across a teacher that really explained Descartes is a nut shell. But you might be interested in Rousseau.
Social Contract is a very interesting read. Michel Foucault is another good french philosopher, but I think he was too absorbed with Nietzsche to be too engaging.
As to a combination of philosophy and literature, to tell the truth I find that the best way of extending philosophy to those who would not really pick up a treatise or compendium. Speaking of existentialism, black existentialism has especially picked up on this note and there are some wonderful books dealing with racial existentialism in literary format. Toni Morrison's "the bluest eye" and anything by Chinua Achebe like "no longer at ease" are some good examples using a very styled subjective prose.