@jgweed,
You ask the question whether or not all sentences can be translated by the use of logic? It depends. Anything and any sentence can be broken down into logical syntax. However, this depends on whether or not the sentence you are translating is logically correct.
Logic (well? propositional logic) depends (mostly)on Wff. Wff stands for "well formed formula." Within this formula, the logical syntax must be correct, precise, and following. This is perhaps the greatest skill anyone can get out of logic because understanding the foundations of a well formed formula is a sure way of constructing a good argument in everyday use. Understanding well formed formula's can also discern which arguments are bad, nonsense, irrelevant, etc. It's a very useful thing to know.
So to answer the question, any sentence can be broken down into logic? however, it must be in the form of a well formed formula. Now the questions arises "what if the sentence is not a well formed formula?" This is almost always the case, as many people just don't know how to make well formed arguments. The answer is that you have to make it into a well formed formula. You basically have to correct the argument so that it can be looked at in a logical way and examined.
So you are right in thinking that most sentences can be translated using logic. Also, your concern about guidelines is well founded, and I stated that well formed formulas are the key to correct interpretation to address that concern. That it would have to be translated into a more abstract form of logic is not necessary?. Unless you want a more abstract answer.